据我所知,Python builtins 指的是那些包含在__builtins__ 中的异常和函数:
>>> import builtins # import __builtin__ in Python 2
>>> dir(builtins) # dir(__builtin__) for Python 2
['ArithmeticError', 'AssertionError', 'AttributeError', 'BaseException',
'BlockingIOError', 'BrokenPipeError', 'BufferError', 'BytesWarning',
...many more...
'ord', 'pow', 'print', 'property', 'quit', 'range', 'repr', 'reversed',
'round', 'set', 'setattr', 'slice', 'sorted', 'staticmethod', 'str', 'sum',
'super', 'tuple', 'type', 'vars', 'zip']
但是看看下面的代码(Python2 和 3 给出了相同的结果):
>>> globals()
{'__name__': '__main__', '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,
'__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,
'__doc__': None, '__package__': None}
>>> import threading
>>> import math
>>> globals()
{'__name__': '__main__', '__builtins__': <module 'builtins' (built-in)>,
'__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>,
'__doc__': None, '__package__': None,
'threading': <module 'threading' from C:\\ProgramFiles\\Python3.3\\lib\\threading.py'>,
'math': <module 'math' (built-in)>}
在最后一行,模块math 被称为built-in。为什么?模块 math 和其他模块(如 threading)有什么区别?
请您参考如下方法:
来自文档(./Doc/library/stdtypes.rst):
Modules
...
Modules built into the interpreter are written like this:
<module 'sys' (built-in)>. If loaded from a file, they are written as<module 'os' from '/usr/local/lib/pythonX.Y/os.pyc'>.
相关代码在repr()中模块对象的函数:
static PyObject *
module_repr(PyModuleObject *m)
{
char *name;
char *filename;
name = PyModule_GetName((PyObject *)m);
if (name == NULL) {
PyErr_Clear();
name = "?";
}
filename = PyModule_GetFilename((PyObject *)m);
if (filename == NULL) {
PyErr_Clear();
return PyString_FromFormat("<module '%s' (built-in)>", name);
}
return PyString_FromFormat("<module '%s' from '%s'>", name, filename);
}
